Get hourly usage for Lambda
https://api.datadoghq.com/api/v1/usage/aws_lambdahttps://api.us3.datadoghq.com/api/v1/usage/aws_lambdahttps://api.us5.datadoghq.com/api/v1/usage/aws_lambdahttps://api.datadoghq.eu/api/v1/usage/aws_lambdahttps://api.ap1.datadoghq.com/api/v1/usage/aws_lambdahttps://api.ap2.datadoghq.com/api/v1/usage/aws_lambdahttps://api.uk1.datadoghq.com/api/v1/usage/aws_lambdahttps://api.ddog-gov.com/api/v1/usage/aws_lambdahttps://api.us2.ddog-gov.com/api/v1/usage/aws_lambdaOverview
Get hourly usage for Lambda. Note: This endpoint has been deprecated. Hourly usage data for all products is now available in the Get hourly usage by product family API. Refer to Migrating from the V1 Hourly Usage APIs to V2 for the associated migration guide.
OAuth apps require the usage_read authorization scope to access this endpoint.
Arguments
Query Strings
start_hr [required]Datetime in ISO-8601 format, UTC, precise to hour: [YYYY-MM-DDThh] for usage beginning at this hour.
end_hrDatetime in ISO-8601 format, UTC, precise to hour: [YYYY-MM-DDThh] for usage ending before this hour.
Response
OK
Response containing the number of Lambda functions and sum of the invocations of all Lambda functions for each hour for a given organization.
usageGet hourly usage for Lambda.
func_countContains the number of different functions for each region and AWS account.
hourThe hour for the usage.
invocations_sumContains the sum of invocations of all functions.
org_nameThe organization name.
public_idThe organization public ID.
{
"usage": [
{
"func_count": "integer",
"hour": "2019-09-19T10:00:00.000Z",
"invocations_sum": "integer",
"org_name": "string",
"public_id": "string"
}
]
}Bad Request
Error response object.
errors [required]Array of errors returned by the API.
{
"errors": [
"Bad Request"
]
}Forbidden - User is not authorized
Error response object.
errors [required]Array of errors returned by the API.
{
"errors": [
"Bad Request"
]
}Too many requests
Error response object.
errors [required]Array of errors returned by the API.
{
"errors": [
"Bad Request"
]
}Code Example
# Required query arguments
export start_hr="CHANGE_ME"
# Set your Datadog site and credentials
export DD_SITE="datadoghq.com"
# Use a Personal Access Token or Service Access Token
export DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>"
curl -X GET "https://api.${DD_SITE}/api/v1/usage/aws_lambda?start_hr=${start_hr}" \
-H "Accept: application/json" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer ${DD_BEARER_TOKEN}"# Required query arguments
export start_hr="CHANGE_ME"
# Set your Datadog site and credentials
export DD_SITE="us3.datadoghq.com"
# Use a Personal Access Token or Service Access Token
export DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>"
curl -X GET "https://api.${DD_SITE}/api/v1/usage/aws_lambda?start_hr=${start_hr}" \
-H "Accept: application/json" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer ${DD_BEARER_TOKEN}"# Required query arguments
export start_hr="CHANGE_ME"
# Set your Datadog site and credentials
export DD_SITE="us5.datadoghq.com"
# Use a Personal Access Token or Service Access Token
export DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>"
curl -X GET "https://api.${DD_SITE}/api/v1/usage/aws_lambda?start_hr=${start_hr}" \
-H "Accept: application/json" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer ${DD_BEARER_TOKEN}"# Required query arguments
export start_hr="CHANGE_ME"
# Set your Datadog site and credentials
export DD_SITE="datadoghq.eu"
# Use a Personal Access Token or Service Access Token
export DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>"
curl -X GET "https://api.${DD_SITE}/api/v1/usage/aws_lambda?start_hr=${start_hr}" \
-H "Accept: application/json" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer ${DD_BEARER_TOKEN}"# Required query arguments
export start_hr="CHANGE_ME"
# Set your Datadog site and credentials
export DD_SITE="ap1.datadoghq.com"
# Use a Personal Access Token or Service Access Token
export DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>"
curl -X GET "https://api.${DD_SITE}/api/v1/usage/aws_lambda?start_hr=${start_hr}" \
-H "Accept: application/json" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer ${DD_BEARER_TOKEN}"# Required query arguments
export start_hr="CHANGE_ME"
# Set your Datadog site and credentials
export DD_SITE="ap2.datadoghq.com"
# Use a Personal Access Token or Service Access Token
export DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>"
curl -X GET "https://api.${DD_SITE}/api/v1/usage/aws_lambda?start_hr=${start_hr}" \
-H "Accept: application/json" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer ${DD_BEARER_TOKEN}"# Required query arguments
export start_hr="CHANGE_ME"
# Set your Datadog site and credentials
export DD_SITE="uk1.datadoghq.com"
# Use a Personal Access Token or Service Access Token
export DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>"
curl -X GET "https://api.${DD_SITE}/api/v1/usage/aws_lambda?start_hr=${start_hr}" \
-H "Accept: application/json" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer ${DD_BEARER_TOKEN}"# Required query arguments
export start_hr="CHANGE_ME"
# Set your Datadog site and credentials
export DD_SITE="ddog-gov.com"
# Use a Personal Access Token or Service Access Token
export DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>"
curl -X GET "https://api.${DD_SITE}/api/v1/usage/aws_lambda?start_hr=${start_hr}" \
-H "Accept: application/json" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer ${DD_BEARER_TOKEN}"# Required query arguments
export start_hr="CHANGE_ME"
# Set your Datadog site and credentials
export DD_SITE="us2.ddog-gov.com"
# Use a Personal Access Token or Service Access Token
export DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>"
curl -X GET "https://api.${DD_SITE}/api/v1/usage/aws_lambda?start_hr=${start_hr}" \
-H "Accept: application/json" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer ${DD_BEARER_TOKEN}"// Get hourly usage for Lambda returns "OK" response
package main
import (
"context"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"os"
"time"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-api-client-go/v2/api/datadog"
"github.com/DataDog/datadog-api-client-go/v2/api/datadogV1"
)
func main() {
ctx := datadog.NewDefaultContext(context.Background())
ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, datadog.ContextAccessToken, os.Getenv("DD_BEARER_TOKEN"))
configuration := datadog.NewConfiguration()
apiClient := datadog.NewAPIClient(configuration)
api := datadogV1.NewUsageMeteringApi(apiClient)
resp, r, err := api.GetUsageLambda(ctx, time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -5), *datadogV1.NewGetUsageLambdaOptionalParameters().WithEndHr(time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -3)))
if err != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Error when calling `UsageMeteringApi.GetUsageLambda`: %v\n", err)
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Full HTTP response: %v\n", r)
}
responseContent, _ := json.MarshalIndent(resp, "", " ")
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stdout, "Response from `UsageMeteringApi.GetUsageLambda`:\n%s\n", responseContent)
}
Instructions
First install the library and its dependencies and then save the example to main.go and run following commands:
DD_SITE="datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" go run "main.go"DD_SITE="us3.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" go run "main.go"DD_SITE="us5.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" go run "main.go"DD_SITE="datadoghq.eu" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" go run "main.go"DD_SITE="ap1.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" go run "main.go"DD_SITE="ap2.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" go run "main.go"DD_SITE="uk1.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" go run "main.go"DD_SITE="ddog-gov.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" go run "main.go"DD_SITE="us2.ddog-gov.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" go run "main.go"// Get hourly usage for Lambda returns "OK" response
import com.datadog.api.client.ApiClient;
import com.datadog.api.client.ApiException;
import com.datadog.api.client.v1.api.UsageMeteringApi;
import com.datadog.api.client.v1.api.UsageMeteringApi.GetUsageLambdaOptionalParameters;
import com.datadog.api.client.v1.model.UsageLambdaResponse;
import java.time.OffsetDateTime;
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApiClient defaultClient = ApiClient.getDefaultApiClient();
defaultClient.setAccessToken(System.getenv("DD_BEARER_TOKEN"));
UsageMeteringApi apiInstance = new UsageMeteringApi(defaultClient);
try {
UsageLambdaResponse result =
apiInstance.getUsageLambda(
OffsetDateTime.now().plusDays(-5),
new GetUsageLambdaOptionalParameters().endHr(OffsetDateTime.now().plusDays(-3)));
System.out.println(result);
} catch (ApiException e) {
System.err.println("Exception when calling UsageMeteringApi#getUsageLambda");
System.err.println("Status code: " + e.getCode());
System.err.println("Reason: " + e.getResponseBody());
System.err.println("Response headers: " + e.getResponseHeaders());
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Instructions
First install the library and its dependencies and then save the example to Example.java and run following commands:
DD_SITE="datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" java "Example.java"DD_SITE="us3.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" java "Example.java"DD_SITE="us5.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" java "Example.java"DD_SITE="datadoghq.eu" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" java "Example.java"DD_SITE="ap1.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" java "Example.java"DD_SITE="ap2.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" java "Example.java"DD_SITE="uk1.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" java "Example.java"DD_SITE="ddog-gov.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" java "Example.java"DD_SITE="us2.ddog-gov.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" java "Example.java""""
Get hourly usage for Lambda returns "OK" response
"""
from datetime import datetime
from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta
from os import environ
from datadog_api_client import ApiClient, Configuration
from datadog_api_client.v1.api.usage_metering_api import UsageMeteringApi
configuration = Configuration()
configuration.access_token = environ["DD_BEARER_TOKEN"]
with ApiClient(configuration) as api_client:
api_instance = UsageMeteringApi(api_client)
response = api_instance.get_usage_lambda(
start_hr=(datetime.now() + relativedelta(days=-5)),
end_hr=(datetime.now() + relativedelta(days=-3)),
)
print(response)
Instructions
First install the library and its dependencies and then save the example to example.py and run following commands:
DD_SITE="datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" python3 "example.py"DD_SITE="us3.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" python3 "example.py"DD_SITE="us5.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" python3 "example.py"DD_SITE="datadoghq.eu" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" python3 "example.py"DD_SITE="ap1.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" python3 "example.py"DD_SITE="ap2.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" python3 "example.py"DD_SITE="uk1.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" python3 "example.py"DD_SITE="ddog-gov.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" python3 "example.py"DD_SITE="us2.ddog-gov.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" python3 "example.py"# Get hourly usage for Lambda returns "OK" response
require "datadog_api_client"
DatadogAPIClient.configure do |config|
config.access_token = ENV["DD_BEARER_TOKEN"]
end
api_instance = DatadogAPIClient::V1::UsageMeteringAPI.new
opts = {
end_hr: (Time.now + -3 * 86400),
}
p api_instance.get_usage_lambda((Time.now + -5 * 86400), opts)
Instructions
First install the library and its dependencies and then save the example to example.rb and run following commands:
DD_SITE="datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="us3.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="us5.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="datadoghq.eu" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="ap1.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="ap2.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="uk1.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="ddog-gov.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="us2.ddog-gov.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" rb "example.rb"// Get hourly usage for Lambda returns "OK" response
use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
use datadog_api_client::datadog;
use datadog_api_client::datadogV1::api_usage_metering::GetUsageLambdaOptionalParams;
use datadog_api_client::datadogV1::api_usage_metering::UsageMeteringAPI;
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
let configuration = datadog::Configuration::new();
let api = UsageMeteringAPI::with_config(configuration);
let resp = api
.get_usage_lambda(
DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339("2021-11-06T11:11:11+00:00")
.expect("Failed to parse datetime")
.with_timezone(&Utc),
GetUsageLambdaOptionalParams::default().end_hr(
DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339("2021-11-08T11:11:11+00:00")
.expect("Failed to parse datetime")
.with_timezone(&Utc),
),
)
.await;
if let Ok(value) = resp {
println!("{:#?}", value);
} else {
println!("{:#?}", resp.unwrap_err());
}
}
Instructions
First install the library and its dependencies and then save the example to src/main.rs and run following commands:
DD_SITE="datadoghq.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" cargo runDD_SITE="us3.datadoghq.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" cargo runDD_SITE="us5.datadoghq.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" cargo runDD_SITE="datadoghq.eu" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" cargo runDD_SITE="ap1.datadoghq.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" cargo runDD_SITE="ap2.datadoghq.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" cargo runDD_SITE="uk1.datadoghq.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" cargo runDD_SITE="ddog-gov.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" cargo runDD_SITE="us2.ddog-gov.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" cargo run/**
* Get hourly usage for Lambda returns "OK" response
*/
import { client, v1 } from "@datadog/datadog-api-client";
const configuration = client.createConfiguration({
authMethods: {
AuthZ: {
accessToken: process.env.DD_BEARER_TOKEN as string,
},
},
});
const apiInstance = new v1.UsageMeteringApi(configuration);
const params: v1.UsageMeteringApiGetUsageLambdaRequest = {
startHr: new Date(new Date().getTime() + -5 * 86400 * 1000),
endHr: new Date(new Date().getTime() + -3 * 86400 * 1000),
};
apiInstance
.getUsageLambda(params)
.then((data: v1.UsageLambdaResponse) => {
console.log(
"API called successfully. Returned data: " + JSON.stringify(data)
);
})
.catch((error: any) => console.error(error));
Instructions
First install the library and its dependencies and then save the example to example.ts and run following commands:
DD_SITE="datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" tsc "example.ts"DD_SITE="us3.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" tsc "example.ts"DD_SITE="us5.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" tsc "example.ts"DD_SITE="datadoghq.eu" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" tsc "example.ts"DD_SITE="ap1.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" tsc "example.ts"DD_SITE="ap2.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" tsc "example.ts"DD_SITE="uk1.datadoghq.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" tsc "example.ts"DD_SITE="ddog-gov.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" tsc "example.ts"DD_SITE="us2.ddog-gov.com" DD_BEARER_TOKEN="<PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN OR SERVICE_ACCESS_TOKEN>" tsc "example.ts"require 'rubygems'
require 'dogapi'
api_key = '<DATADOG_API_KEY>'
app_key = '<DATADOG_APPLICATION_KEY>'
dog = Dogapi::Client.new(api_key, app_key)
start_date= '2019-10-07T00'
end_date='2019-10-07T02'
dog.get_aws_lambda_usage(start_date, end_date)
Instructions
First install the library and its dependencies and then save the example to example.rb and run following commands:
DD_SITE="datadoghq.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="us3.datadoghq.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="us5.datadoghq.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="datadoghq.eu" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="ap1.datadoghq.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="ap2.datadoghq.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="uk1.datadoghq.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="ddog-gov.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" rb "example.rb"DD_SITE="us2.ddog-gov.com" DD_API_KEY="<DD_API_KEY>" DD_APP_KEY="<DD_APP_KEY>" rb "example.rb"